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《协会保险条款诠释》
-第一编 新保险条款简介

上传: 郭国汀 | 发布: 2011-4-3 02:34 | 作者: 郭国汀 | 来源: | 查看: 0

第五编第4章 抵押权人利益保险

4 抵押权人利益保险

(Mortgagee’s Interest Insurance)

 

提供船舶融资的银行和其他机构正如任何其他企业一样要求保险保障。

 

1906《海上保险法》141款对抵押银行的可保利益作了定义:

 

“在保险标的被抵押之场合,抵押人对(该保险标的)全部价值拥有可保利益,抵押权人就抵押(合同项下)到期或变得到期应付的款项有可保利益。”

 

抵押权人最初的要求是投保习惯上由船东的船壳保险单承保的各项危险及通常由船东的互保协会承保的各项风险。理论上他可以经三种不同的方式获得此种保险。

 

1 通过办理一份单独的保险承保他自已的利益;

 

2 就船壳保险而言,作为共同被保险人[1],对船东和抵押权人的利益办理保险;

 

3 要求抵押船东将船壳保险单和互保协会(入会)证书(Club’s  Entry)转让给他。这通常可经由在船东的保险单及互保协会的(入会)证书上批注抵押权人的利益的背书方式来达到此目的。

 

保险单已经转让给他的抵押权人可以自已的名义起诉,但他受一种明显不利因素的制约:他可能受到保险人本来就有权针对原始被保险人提出的任何抗辩的阻止。[2]因此,若船东对有关损失存在着故意渎职的过错[3]未告知重要事实,[4]违反最大诚信义务[5]或违反保证[6],依转让协议起诉的无辜抵押权人,将会发现保险人能够抗辩:船东的邪恶(turptude)已经解除了他们的责任。

 

抵押权人作为在原始被保险人起诉处于稍好些的境地。在这些情况下,假如他能够证明他是无辜的,船东犯有“故意渎职”[7]的过错的事实本身并不能阻碍他根据保险单提出索赔。然而,自1924年以来,按标准船舶条件投保的抵押权人,在船舶已被凿沉之场合,在任何情况下,均不能索赔他的损失,因为该年上议院在权威判例Samuel v.Dumas案中[8],判决故意引入船舱中的海水造成的损失并非海上危险引起的损失,因为缺乏偶然意外的要素。远比任何其他因素重要的是,此案表明向船舶提供融资者,针对他们的客户的渎职行为的风险需要某种保护。

自从第二次世界大战以来,已有为数不少的格式相异的抵押权人利益保险,但没有一种是完全令人满意的。在依赖经纪人的措词或外国格式多年后,[9]伦敦保险市场最终于1986年颁布了协会抵押权人利益格式保险条款。由于出现在评论中的某些原因,该1986年格式并未受到其潜在客户的青睐,我们不得不等到1997年才盼来了值得成功的格式。

 

199731日协会船舶抵押权人利益保险条款(Institute Mortgagees’ Interest Clauses, Hulls)

 

本保险受英国法律和惯例制约

This insurance is subject to English law and practice.

 

本条的效果已在第9091页的评论中考虑过。

 

A.          Recital 评述

 

Whereas the Assured has entered into a loan agreement commensurate with which the Assured holds certain collateral security including a first mortgage on the Mortgaged Vessel and endorsements of its interests on the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries.

Now it is agreed as follow:

 

鉴于被保险人已订立一份贷款合同,被保险人亦适当地持有一定的抵押物,包括对抵押船舶的第一抵押权及对船东的保险单和互保协会的承保单利益的背书。

兹同意:

 

这些导言指出了199731日格式与先前的1986年格式的一个主要区别。1986年格式是基于被保险银行将与保险人订立预约合同这一推论而制定的,据此预约合同,所有向银行抵押的船舶均将向银行申报。这种“所有的或什么也没有”(all or nothing)保险基础,一般而言,并不为银行所接受。抵押权人利益保险并不便宜,依大多数船舶融资机构宁可在“良好风险”客户(good risk client)与不是那么可靠的客户(not-so-good boys)之间区分他们的投资组合(portfolios),因为前者他们可以信赖不至于欺诈保险人,而后者的船舶需要抵押权人利益保险。基于对每一具名单独的船舶分别保险,正是199731日格式采纳的方法之一。当然,若某家银行欲用一份预约保险单承保其所有的抵押船舶,它得自由为之,毫无疑问,可以协商特殊条款。

 

该评述推定被保险人持有保险船舶的第一抵押权,且的确含有此种保证内容(第4.3款)。据此,如果被保险人仅有抵押次优先权(lower priority),这必须在风险开始时披露,并在保险单上批注。

 

1        INSURING CLAUSE

1.1        This insurance will indemnify the Assured for loss resulting from loss of or damage to or liability of the Mortgaged Vessel which, in the absence of an Insured Peril set out in Clause 2. 1 below, would prima facie be covered by the Owner’Policies and Club Entries, and not excluded therein, but in respect of which there is subsequent non-payment (or reduced payment which is approved in advance by the Underwriters hereon) by any of the underwriters of Owners’Policies and Club Entries as a result of any Insured Peril, provided always that such Insured peril occurs or exists without the privity of the Assured.

1.2        The indemnity payable hereunder shall be

1.2.1   the amount of the Assured’s Net Loss and any amounts recoverable under Clause 6 herein, collectively not exceeding the Sum Insured on the Mortgaged Vessel, or

1.2.2   the amount of the unrecoverable claim or part thereof under any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries

whichever is the lesser amount.

   1.3  All the above is subject to the Definitions, Exclusions, Warranties and Conditions below.

 

1 保险条款(Insuring Clause)

 

1 保险条款

1.1    若不存在下述第2.1款规定的承保危险,本保险将赔偿被保险人因抵押船舶的灭失,损害或责任引起的损失,该损失初步是由船东的保险单及互保协会的入会证书承保的,且不排除其中,但有关随后的拒赔(或保险人预先同意的减额赔付reduced payment,由于任何承保危险的结果,由船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书的保险人,还需符合此种承保危险的发生或存在,没有被保险人的私谋。

 

1.2    下述赔偿的支付应当:

 

1.2.1 被保险人的净损失额及根据下述第6条可获赔偿的任何数额,累加不得超过抵押船舶的保险金额,或

 

1.2.2 不可获赔的金额或根据船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书可获补偿的部分金额,以较低者为准。

 

1.3    上述所有的规定,均受下述定义、除外、保证和条件制约。

 

    本条第1款归纳了本保险的目的和效果。灭失、损害或费用,若非基于被保险人的渎职而提出抗辩,便初步推定由船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书承保(在第2.2款定义)。船东或船舶管理人的渎职的例子规定于第2.1款,其被定义为抵押权人利益保险下的“承保危险”。

“and not excluded therein”词组是1997年增加的,大概欲使之更清楚,由船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书明确除外的各项风险,不能基于抵押权人利益保险提出索赔-但其如何能够做到?在现行版本中增加此句看来纯属多余。

 

还有一项黑体字的重要但书,抵押权人依赖的承保危险必须是其“发生或存在,没有被保险人的私谋”。在该款及其他条款中,必须记住,“私谋”包括“闭眼装作不知道”以及实际的知情。[10]

 

保险条款的第2条规定了赔偿问题:

 

-抵押权人的实际净损失(如第2.3款所定义)加上根据被保险人义务(施救)条款的任何索赔,总额不得超过保险金额;

 

-根据任何船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书项下不可获赔的索赔(或部分索赔)

 

作为解释问题,与1986年格式及赔偿的通常规则相反,依施救条款项下的索赔,加上抵押权人的净损失,仅能够在保险金额范围内提出。参见第6.5款。

 

2          DEFINITIONS

2.1    Insured Perils

2.1.1                Avoidance of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries or any of them by the underwriters thereof on the grounds of a misrepresentation or non-disclosure of any material circumstance, whether such misrepresentation or non-disclosure arises from the assured thereunder or any of such assured’s insurance agents or insurance brokers.

2.1.2                Breach of any statutory provision or any express or implied promissory warranty or condition, including without limitation

2.1.2.1  breach of any implied warranty of seaworthiness or legality,

2.1.2.2  breach of section 39(5) of the Marine Insurance Act of 1906,

2.1.2.3  breach of trading warranties contained in any of the Owners Policies and Club Entries,

2.1.2.4  breach of any warranty or condition in any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries in respect of the classification of the Mortgaged Vessel by the Classification Society or any failure to comply with the recommendations of such Society to the extent required by such warranty or condition

2.1.2.5  breach of any warranty or condition in any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries which requires compliance with any condition survey, structural survey or P&I Club survey requirements and pursuant to which clauses underwriters deny a claim,

2.1.2.6  breach of any warranty or condition in any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries in respect of the ownership, flag, management or charter on a bareboat basis of the Mortgaged Vessel,

2.1.3                 failure by the assured under the hull and machinery policy or the owners, managers or superintendents of the vessel or any of their onshore management to exercise due diligence in respect of any loss or damage to the Mortgaged Vessel where such failure to exercise due diligence entitles the underwriters of the owner’s hull and machinery policy to deny a claim otherwise recoverable thereunder,

2.1.4                any deliberate or fraudulent casting away of or damage to the Mortgaged Vessel,

2.1.5                avoidance of a claim under any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries or any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries by reason of breach of the duty of good faith in respect of such claim, or

2.1.6                the operations of any applicable provision in any of the Owners’ Policies and Club Entries which provides for a time limitation on the presentation of claims,

2.1.7                in the event of the total loss of the Mortgaged Vessel, the final judgment or award of the courts or arbitration tribunal agreed to have jurisdiction under the express terms of Owners’ Policies and Club Entries (or in the event of there being no such express terms the competent court) following a contested hearing whereby the Owners’ claim is not recoverable under either Owners’ hull and machinery or war risks policies on the ground that the loss has not been proved to have been proximately caused by a peril insured under those policies and is not otherwise excluded from payment by an exclusion or other provision therein.

2.2    Owners’ Policies and Club Entries—means hull and machinery policies on terms equivalent to or wider than the current Institution Time Clauses, Hulls or American Institute Hull Clauses, (if taken, increased value policies on terms equivalent to Institute Time Clauses—Hull Disbursements and Increased Value (Total Loss Only and Excess Liabilities) or American Institute Increased Value and Excess Liabilities Clauses), War risks on terms equivalent to current Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls—Time and full protection and indemnity risks on conditions equivalent to the rules of a P&I Club that si a member of the International Group of P&I Associations.

2.3    Net Loss—means the Assured’s loss under the loan agreement to the extent secured by mortgage on the Mortgaged Vessel net of any amounts recovered or recoverable under all security arrangements contained in or collateral to the loan including but not limited to all mortgages (whether on vessels insured hereunder or on other vessels), liens, any floating and fixed charges, security interests, guarantees, insurance policies and pledges.

2.4    Mortgaged Vessel—means the vessel mortgaged to the Assured which is listen on the schedule attached hereto.

 

2 定义条款(Definitions)

 

2 定义

 

  2.1 承保危险

 

  2.1.1 由于误述或未告知任何重要情况,保险人取消船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书,无论此种误述或未告知是被保险人或任何此种被保险人的保险代理人或保险经纪人为之

 

  2.1.2 违反任何法定条款或任何明示或默示约定的保证或条件,包括未经限制者:

 

  2.1.2.1 违反任何默示的适航保证或合法性

 

  2.1.2.2 违反1906《海上保险法》39条第5

 

  2.1.2.3 违反包含在船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书的任何贸易保证

 

  2.1.2.4 违反在船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书中,有关船级社对抵押船舶的船级的保证或条件,或未遵循此种船级社就此种保证或条件提出的建议

 

  2.1.2.5 违反在船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书中,要求遵循任何条件检验,结构检验或互保协会要求的检验及按照保险人拒赔条款的任何保证或条件

 

  2.1.2.6 违反在船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书中,有关抵押船舶的所有权,船旗,管理或光船租赁的任何保证条件。

 

  2.1.3 船壳和机器保险单项下的被保险人,或船东,管理人或船舶监管人或其他任何岸上管理人,就有关抵押船舶未能谨慎处理,此种未能谨慎处理使得船东的船壳和机器保险单的保险人,有权拒赔本应赔偿的损失。

 

  2.1.4 任何故意或欺诈地抛弃或损坏抵押船舶。

 

  2.1.5 依据任何船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书的索赔的撤销,或由于违反有关此种索赔的诚信义务而撤销任何船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书。

 

  2.1.6 在船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书中规定的提出索赔的时效条款的生效。

 

  2.1.7 万一抵押船舶全损,根据船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书的明示条款约定有管辖权的法院的最终判决或仲裁庭的裁决(或倘若没有此种有管辖权法院的明示条款)在辩论审理后,船东的索赔被判定不能根据船东的船壳和机器保险单,或战争险保险单获赔,理由是未证明该损失是由那些保险单项下承保危险直接造成,且并非除此以外由其中的某一除外条款或其他条款排除赔付者。

 

  2.2 船东的保险单和互保协会的入会证书,是指与现行协会船舶定期保险条款或美国协会船舶保险条款相同的或更宽广的条款的船舶和机器保险单(如果采用等同于协会船舶费用和增值定期保险条款(仅适用于全损及超额责任保险)或美国协会增值和超额责任保险条款),与现行协会船舶战争与罢工保险条款相同的战争险及与作为国际互保协会集团成员,等同于互保协会规则的保障与赔偿风险的条件。

 

  2.3 净损失是指被保险人在贷款合同下,在以抵押船舶作为抵押担保的范围内,根据包含有该贷款或该贷款的抵押品的所有的担保安排已获得或可获得的任何净损失金额,包括但不限于所有的抵押品(无论是此处的保险船舶或对其他船舶),留置权,任何浮动或固定的费用,担保利益,保证,保险单和质押。

 

  2.4 抵押船舶是指记载于本保险附表的抵押